英文基础语法

一、💡 先记住英语句子的核心

英语句子最常见的结构是：

主语 + 动词 + 其他成分

例如：

• I work. —— 我工作。
• She likes coffee. —— 她喜欢咖啡。
• They are students. —— 他们是学生。

英语语法的关键是：动词会随着“时间”和“主语”发生变化。

二、🔗 be 动词：am、is、are、was、were

be 动词通常表示“是、在、处于某种状态”。

2.1 一般现在时

主语	be 动词	例句
I	am	I am happy.
He / She / It	is	She is a teacher.
You / We / They	are	They are busy.

例句：

• I am a student. —— 我是一名学生。
• He is at home. —— 他在家。
• We are ready. —— 我们准备好了。

2.2 否定句

在 be 后面加 not：

• I am not tired.
• She is not busy.
• They are not at home.

常见缩写：

• is not = isn’t
• are not = aren’t
• am not 通常写作 I’m not

2.3 be 动词疑问句

把 am / is / are 放到主语前面：

陈述句	疑问句
You are ready.	Are you ready?
He is a doctor.	Is he a doctor?
They are happy.	Are they happy?

回答：

• Are you tired?
• Yes, I am.
• No, I’m not.

过去时使用：

• I / He / She / It → was
• You / We / They → were

例句：

• I was tired yesterday.
• They were at school yesterday.
• Was she busy?
• Were you at home?

记忆方法

be 动词本身就可以构成疑问句，不需要 do / does / did。

三、🔄 一般现在时

一般现在时主要表示：

• 经常发生的动作
• 日常习惯
• 客观事实
• 长期状态

例如：

• I get up at seven every day.
• The sun rises in the east.
• She works in a hospital.

3.1 肯定句

普通主语使用动词原形：

I / You / We / They + 动词原形

• I like English.
• They play football.
• We live in Beijing.

第三人称单数使用动词 s 或 es：

He / She / It + 动词 s 或 es

• He likes English.
• She works in a bank.
• It rains a lot here.

常见变化：

• work → works
• like → likes
• watch → watches
• go → goes
• study → studies

3.2 否定句

使用 do not 或 does not：

主语 + do/does not + 动词原形

• I don’t like coffee.
• They don’t work here.
• She doesn’t like coffee.
• He doesn’t play tennis.

注意

doesn’t 后面必须使用动词原形。

错误：She doesn’t likes coffee.

正确：She doesn’t like coffee.

3.3 一般现在时疑问句

使用：

Do / Does + 主语 + 动词原形？

• Do you like English?
• Do they live here?
• Does he work in a bank?
• Does she speak Chinese?

回答：

• Do you like tea?

• Yes, I do.

• No, I don’t.

• Does he play football?

• Yes, he does.

• No, he doesn’t.

四、⏪ 一般过去时

一般过去时表示过去已经发生并结束的动作或状态。

常见时间词：

• yesterday —— 昨天
• last week —— 上周
• last year —— 去年
• two days ago —— 两天前
• in 2020 —— 在2020年

例如：

• I watched a movie yesterday.
• She visited her parents last week.
• They went to Shanghai last year.

4.1 普通动词的过去式

规则动词通常加 -ed：

• work → worked
• play → played
• watch → watched
• visit → visited

不规则动词需要单独记忆：

原形	过去式
go	went
eat	ate
see	saw
buy	bought
have	had
do	did

4.2 过去时否定句

使用：

主语 + did not + 动词原形

• I didn’t watch TV.
• She didn’t go to school.
• They didn’t buy a car.

注意

didn’t 后面必须使用动词原形。

错误：She didn’t went home.

正确：She didn’t go home.

4.3 过去时疑问句

使用：

Did + 主语 + 动词原形？

• Did you watch the movie?
• Did she go home?
• Did they buy a new car?

回答：

• Did you see John?
• Yes, I did.
• No, I didn’t.

be 动词的过去时不使用 did：

• Was he tired?
• Were they at home?

五、❓ 疑问句的基本形式

5.1 一般疑问句

一般疑问句可以用“Yes”或“No”回答。

be 动词

Am / Is / Are / Was / Were + 主语？

• Are you busy?
• Is she your sister?
• Was he tired?
• Were they at school?

一般现在时普通动词

Do / Does + 主语 + 动词原形？

• Do you like music?
• Does he play football?

一般过去时普通动词

Did + 主语 + 动词原形？

• Did you go there?
• Did she call you?

5.2 特殊疑问句

常见疑问词：

疑问词	含义	例句
what	什么	What do you want?
where	哪里	Where do you live?
when	什么时候	When did he arrive?
who	谁	Who is she?
why	为什么	Why are you sad?
how	怎样	How do you go to work?

基本结构：

疑问词 + 一般疑问句？

例如：

• Where do you work?
• What does she like?
• When did they leave?
• Why are you tired?
• How was your weekend?

六、⚠️ 最容易犯的错误

错误	正确
He don’t like tea.	He doesn’t like tea.
Does she likes music?	Does she like music?
Did you went home?	Did you go home?
She are happy.	She is happy.
They was tired.	They were tired.
Are you like coffee?	Do you like coffee?

一句话记忆

be 动词自己提问；普通动词借助 do / does / did 提问。

七、✍️ 练习题

填入正确形式：

1. I ___ a student.
2. She ___ not busy.
3. They ___ at home yesterday.
4. He ___ English every day.
5. She doesn’t ___ coffee.
6. ___ you like music?
7. ___ he work here?
8. Did they ___ to school yesterday?

答案：

1. am
2. is
3. were
4. studies
5. like
6. Do
7. Does
8. go

八、📌 快速回顾

• be 动词现在时：am / is / are
• be 动词过去时：was / were
• 一般现在时第三人称单数：动词通常加 s
• 一般现在时疑问句：Do / Does + 主语 + 动词原形
• 一般过去时疑问句：Did + 主语 + 动词原形
• be 动词疑问句：直接把 be 放到主语前面

九、📚 官方资料

• The verb “be”｜British Council LearnEnglish
• Question forms｜British Council LearnEnglish